Which theme does Romanticism react against?

The theme that Romanticism reacts against most prominently is the political and social standards of aristocracy. Romanticism emerged as a response to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, periods that emphasized reason, order, and the hierarchical structures of society, particularly those associated with aristocratic rule.

Romantics sought to value individual experience, the emotional aspect of humanity, and the importance of nature and personal freedom. They often critiqued the rigid social structures that defined society during their time, which were heavily influenced by aristocratic ideals. Through their works, they expressed a longing for authenticity and a connection to nature, culture, and the human spirit that was often stifled under aristocratic systems.

While the other themes presented, such as scientific reasoning, religious constraints, and nationalism, do play a role in the broader discourse surrounding Romanticism, the most direct reaction was aimed at the established political and social hierarchies that the Romantic movement sought to challenge and reform.